The Religion of Islam

The religion of Islam, sadly, has been uncovered numerous uncalled for reactions from nonmuslims. Particularly about how Islamic Laws are treated towards the ladies. There are a lot of misinterpretations and allegations. It needs to make reference to about crucial and essential standards in Islam.According to Islam, individuals are not detestable and corrupt animals, and they don't go to the world with inclination to sin. Individuals are not wicked until they decide to sin. In contrast to Christianity, an infant viewed as unadulterated, guiltless, and considered as though s(he) a given present from Allah. There is even an adage in Turkish ‘like a heaven scented youngster'. This platitude alludes that the kids are guiltless and as though they are originating from the heaven. Likewise, every human is equivalent in Islam paying little mind to their race, shading, and class. Islam isn't clear with just one age, it is for each age. Khurshid Ahmad portrays the point of Islam as, Islam targets setting up a harmony between these two parts of life †the material and the otherworldly. (36)Another detail in Islam is that how Quran depicts Eve. In Quran, Eve isn't spoken to a malevolent or an enchanting lady. Quran puts a proportionate fault on Adam's and Eve's slip-up. It doesn't separate Eve from Adam. Eve isn't depicted as a liar or a tempter. Eve isn't accused for tempting Adam to eat the organic product from the taboo tree. All things considered, in Quran Surah Taha, stanza 121† †¦ Thus, Adam defied his Lord, and fell.† This refrain expresses that Adam is particularly accused for the wrongdoing not Eve. Another significant detail is that the first sin idea. It doesn't exist in Islam. Thus, Adam's wrongdoing isn't acquired to the next individuals as it does in Christianity. This is on the grounds that Adam and Eve apologized to Allah and they had excused. Allah doesn't rebuff anybody for other's transgressions. Accordingly, in Islam, everybody is answerable for their own activities, and their own sins.The Quran gives obvious proof that lady in totally likened with man in seeing Allah as far as her privileges and duties (Ahmad 136). In Quran Surah Al-Imran section 195 † Their Lord addressed the Prayer accordingly: â€Å"I won't endure crafted by any of you, regardless of whether male or female, to go to squander; every one of you is from the other†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This piece of the stanza just alludes that there is no segregation between a man and a lady within the sight of Allah. In Islam, the prevalence possibly happens when it comes over the activities. Different highlights are not significant. For example, taking care of business or a female, respectable or shameful, those highlights don't influence the activities that have done. It is completely clear that there is no distinction between a man and a lady. Later on, the Quran states again that there is no segregation between a man and a lady in Surah A Nisaa stanza 124 † But whoever works uprightness, regardless of whether male or female, and is a believer†those will enter Paradise, and won't be wronged a whit.† The main thing that issue is the activities. Another Surah underscores a similar point once more, in Surah A Nahl refrain 97 † Whoever works honesty, regardless of whether male or female, while being a devotee, we will allow him a decent lifeâ€and We will remunerate them as indicated by the best of what they used to do.† insofar as following Allah and grasp the religion, devotees will be compensated by their works and activities. In Islam there are some strict commitments, for example, routine supplications, fasting, charity, and going on a journey. A man and a lady have same commitments and obligations for those strict commitments. But a few conditions, to give a model, a lady can be favored from supplications all through her mensuration. A similar case applies for fasting. There can be some remarkable for the ladies, in any case the man and the ladies are similarly answerable for the commitments. In the Pre-Islamic period of obliviousness, on the off chance that somebody has a girl as their first kid, covering her was tremendously normal among the different Arabian clans. Surah A Nahl sections 58-59 portray the how individuals respond when they have a little girl. † And when one of them is given updates on a female newborn child, his face obscures, and he gags with anguish. He avoids the individuals in view of the awful news given to him. Will he keep it in mortification, or cover it in the residue? What an insidious decision they choose on?† Quran obviously and carefully restricts the child murder. With the acknowledgment of Islam, the little girls were ensured and rewarded decently. Females had picked up rights with the Islam. Without a doubt, during the period of obliviousness ladies were treated as though they were the articles, and they had no right. Before the coming of Islam, lady reserved no options to discuss. At the point when a lady's better half passed on, any of his male family members would essentially proper her, as though she was a creature or a ware ( Al-Ghazili)The Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) has a maxim about rewarding the little girls † Whosoever has a little girl and he doesn't cover her alive, doesn't affront her, and doesn't support his child over her, Allah will concede him to Paradise in view of her.† (Ibn Hanbal Hadith No 1957). Indeed, even just by concluding from this Hadith that in Islam, the girl has an equivalent situation with the child. Also, it tends to be said that how rewarding a little girl huge for granting the dad with the Paradise. Lady in the marriage in the Quran states in one of the Surah which is Al-Rum section 21 † And among His Signs is this, that He made for you mates from among yourselves, that you may abide in serenity with them, and He has put love and benevolence between your (souls): verily in that are Signs for the individuals who reflect.† The Quran unmistakably shows that marriage is sharing between the two parts of the general public, and its destinations, next to propagating human life, are passionate prosperity and profound concordance. Its bases are love and kindness (Ahmed 138). Moreover, a lady can't drive into marriage without her own endorsement as indicated by Islamic Law. The guidelines for wedded life in Islam are clear and in concordance with upstanding human instinct. A lady and a man both have equivalent rights and claims on each other, with the exception of one duty, that of initiative. This is an issue which is normal in any aggregate life and which is reliable with the idea of man (Ahmed 138). In Surah Al-Baqarah refrain 228 † †¦ And they (ladies) have rights like those (of men) over them to what in particular is sensible, however men have a level (of duty) over them. Furthermore, Allah is All-Mighty, All-Wise.† Having a degree has to do with the upkeep and assurance of a ladies, and as Khurshid Ahmed alludes that it is the normal distinction between the genders which qualifies the more vulnerable sex for insurance. It doesn't infer no prevalence or preferred position under the watchful eye of the law, and the man's job of initiative comparable to his family doesn't mean the spouse's autocracy over his significant other (138).One of the differentiation among Islam and Christianity is about remarriage of the widows. In contrast to Christianity, the widows or separated from ladies don't open to oppression the unmarried ladies or another. As indicated by Islam, a separated or bereft lady has the option to remarry with no disgrace or reprobation. Truth be told, the Quran permits the prearranged engagement of a separated or bereaved lady in any event, during her time of change (Jawad 34). In Surah Al-Baqarah 235 states as: It will be no offense for you straightforwardly to propose marriage in a roundabout way to such ladies or to treasure them in your souls. Allah realizes that you will recollect them. Try not to mastermind to meet them stealthily and, on the off chance that you do, address them respectably. Be that as it may, you will not consummate the marriage before the finish of their holding up period. Realize that Allah knows about the entirety of your contemplations. In this way, notice and remember that Allah is pardoning and merciful.This stanza makes reference to there is no transgression in offering a marriage verifiably to a lady whose spouse passed on and sitting tight for the iddat. The clarification of Iddat is a timeframe during which a separated or bereaved lady may not remarry (oxforddictionaries.com). This contribution can be through communicating the goal of the man by posing inquiries or expressing his desires to the lady. By along these lines, lady's supposition will discover, and if the lady wishes to wed that man, it will be forestalled the lady to guarantee another person. Islam esteems the getting aware and kind the guardians, yet particularly to the moms. In Islam, ladies are likewise esteemed being a mother as well. For example, In the Quran, there is a proposal for the affable conduct for the moms. In Surah Luqman section 14 † And we ordered upon man to be obedient to his folks. His mom bore him in shortcoming upon weakness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Likewise, in Surah Al-Ahqaf refrain 15 † And We have charged upon man, to his folks, great treatment. His mom conveyed him with difficulty and brought forth him with hardship†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Surah Al-Ahqaf section 15 demonstrates that Allah requested to us to treat our folks merciful and deal with them. It is likewise underscored that how our moms endured during her pregnancy with having affliction and at a similar how testing her work was. Additionally, in Surah Al-Isra section 23 is in regards to the great and considerate treatment towards the guardians †Your Lord has directed that you love none however Him, and that you regard your folks. On the off chance that both of them or them two arrive at mature age with you, don't state to them an expression of insolence, nor chide them, however state to them kind words.† There are a few platitudes of The Prophet Mohammad (pbuh). At some point, The Prophet Mohammed (pbuh) expressed: † Be regretful!† when they state † Who? O The detachment of Allah!† The Prophet Mohammad (pbuh) answered as † It is the individual who can't enter the Paradise since he didn't show regard either of his paren

Education Teach Procedures

Question: Give a short conversation on instructing methods? Answer: Instruction is the essential phase of all learnings where the base forever starts at a more noteworthy high. There are different study hall methods which are adjusted and actualized so as to show the understudies. The teaching subjects may be the equivalent anyway the strategies which are adjusted and executed so as to give the subjects may be distinctive relying upon the appropriateness of the crowd like their age gatherings. In this article I have picked the primary school encouraging strategy where the training systems would be somewhat not quite the same as the others. In this mode the understudies have just dropped from their preschool age gatherings. At this point they would have figured out how to perceive things, recognize hues, take a gander at pictures and identify with various things. So as to run the meetings in a smooth manner I have actualized the positive methodology where the understudies would begin with a positive note, would cooperate with one another, would get signals, would converse with accomplices, would be in gatherings and would take an interest in all the study hall exercises in a major manner. The basic perspectives which I have secured are the intelligent model meetings where the understudies were assembled into gatherings, would be given points like a school, family, cookout, companion where I have begun by indicating photos of these viewpoints and the understudies would get the opportunity to remember them, take a gander at various parts of those photos, comprehend the hues, relate and think about the photos of others. They had the option to comprehend that an individual accompanies a family and each individual is one of a kind. This sort of learning advances thinking capacity and examining capacity to comprehend things in a superior manner. The second perspective which was executed was by including in bunches be it play and be it conversation all the understudies were associated with utilizing some sort of specialty work utilizing instruments like paper, scissors, pen, pencils, create materials and different things. This additionally upgrades the capacity of the understudies to play and to interface with various things, in actuality, so a great deal of angles get more clear in their brains and they can develop into being better people when they grow up. This was the fundamental focal point of my encouraging where I have concentrated on conveyance and building up their abilities than everything else. Aside from this overseeing changes was another angle and this subject is very touchy with regards to instructing such little children where they would not comprehend the term progress anyway would travel starting with one stage then onto the next. These advances could be beginning with coming to class from home at such a young age, including in the study hall, taking part in the classes, becoming acclimated to new arrangement of understudies around and getting taught in bunches where they would have an individual consideration when they are at home. Every one of these viewpoints are delicate for a littler kid to adapt to anyway they ought to be prepared and their brains ought to be sustained so that they become acclimated to the school condition.

Coconut Oil Essay

The United States Food and Drug Administration, World Health Organization, International College of Nutrition, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Â American Dietetic Association, American Heart Association, British National Health Service, and Dietitians of Canada suggest against the utilization of critical measures of refined/hydrogenated coconut oil because of its elevated levels of immersed fat. Backing against coconut and palm oils during the 1970s and 80s because of their apparent threat as a soaked fat made organizations rather substitute trans fats, uninformed of their wellbeing harming impacts. Coconut oil contains an enormous extent of lauric corrosive, an immersed fat that raises blood cholesterol levels by expanding the measure of high-thickness lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol that is additionally found in noteworthy sums in shrub oil, palm bit oil (not to be mistaken for palm oil), human and creature bosom milk and sebaceous organ emissions. This may make an increasingly good blood cholesterol profile, however it is hazy if coconut oil may advance atherosclerosis through different pathways. Since a significant part of the immersed fat of coconut oil is as lauric corrosive, coconut oil might be a superior option in contrast to mostly hydrogenated vegetable oil when strong fats are required. Â In expansion, virgin coconut oil is made for the most part out of medium-chain triglycerides, which may not convey indistinguishable dangers from other immersed fats. Early investigations on the wellbeing impacts of coconut oil utilized incompletely hydrogenated coconut oil, which makes trans fats, and not virgin coconut oil, which has an alternate wellbeing hazard profile. An anti-agents produced using coconut oil can be utilized to forestall tungiasis-causing sand insects from attacking the body.

Being Transgender And Being Transracial - Free Essay Example

Over the years gender has been a problem in our society that we cannot avoid. We live in a society based on two and only two sex categories (male and female) leading to sex itself being a socially constructed category. Gender refers to the socially constructed characteristic of men and women, such as roles, norms and relationships of and between them. Many questions come into play on what does sex mean in terms of your gender role as a man or a woman? Betsy Lucal writes about her lived experiences with gender bending, where a persons physical appearance does not fit in the two acceptable sex categories and whether you try not to do gender, others will do it for you. This paper illustrates why I agree with Lucals argument, an objection to Lucals argument and being transgender doesnt mean you can be transracial. First and Foremost, according to Lucals argument of gender being persistent in our society to where we cannot avoid it, is very true. Men are known to be strong individuals who support and defend their families, whereas; women are gentle, motherly, kind and giving. The two genders are believed to be separate with different traits and born with different qualities. This is not true because as a culture we have established and defined these gender roles over times which seems natural to us now. There are many ladies with masculine features and at first sight, the casual observer may carelessly assign them to the opposite gender; the case is replicated among the males who do not have the perceived masculine features. Both men and women have body hair and while it is regular for the male to keep the hair, females get rid of it. There are women who dont want to get rid of their hair but does that make them not a woman anymore? Lucal experienced this dilemma and more daily which is very di sturbing to her. The assumption that she is a man is upsetting, the panic in the ladies eyes every time she enters a ladys restroom, the need to double check her identity every time she identifies herself and the whispers about her is irritating. I agree with the Lucal, that while we are biologically assigned a certain gender, we do not have to necessarily appear like what the society expects us to. In addition to agreeing with Lucal on gender performance, in the text she states how she tried to appear more feminine, I let my hair grow nearly down to my shoulders and had it permed, I also grew long fingernails and wore nail polish (Lucal 789). To lessen Lucals experiences of gender blending as experiences of harassment, she fails to recognize the issue she is trying to indorse. Although this objection was given, she chooses in the end to not participate in femininity. Lucal also stated, why I decided to continue my nonparticipation in femininity was that my sociological training suggested that this could be one of my contributions to the eventual dismantling of patriarchal gender constructs (Lucal 793). Lucal seems to feel liberated by her experiences because she feels she is helping to deconstruct an unbending and harmful binary. She would respond to this by expanding the category of woman to include people like her in our gender system because she does identify herself as a wo man and not as a man or as someone outside of the two and only two categories. Lastly, basing Lucals argument that gender is a social construct we are left with the questions to whether the same applies to race. Both are socially constructed that often determine how individuals are viewed and treated by others and where each person falls in an unbending and oppressive hierarchy. There have been cases of people who belong to a certain race and their genes are of a certain race, but they claim feeling trapped in a different skin color. While Lucal was right in the gender assignment case, the transracial case is a bit far-fetched. Lucals experiences are a product of gender and not the color of her skin white. What I strongly disagree with is the notion that a person who is transgender can also be transracial. The fact that a person is biologically of a certain race and deep inside he or she feels that they belong to another race is completely wrong. The idea stems from racism and the portrayal of a certain race being superior to another. People who exhibit this co ndition are reverse racists who believe that if they were of a different race they would automatically get the privileges that the new race enjoy. All in all, gender and race are both social constructs but that does not mean that they are both morally acceptable. We are biologically assigned to a certain gender, but we do not have to appear like what society expects us to. It is unlikely that gender is biologically determined because learning gender is a social practice that begins before a child is even born. I agree with Betsy Lucal upon gender being so persuasive in our society, although I have made an objection to her gender bending and lastly, I disagree with someone being transracial, even if they were transgender. Gender was constructed by society and has placed limitations and restrictions on those that do not follow the gender rules.

Critical Media Studies by Ott and Mack Book Report/Review

Essays on Critical Media Studies by Ott and Mack Book Report/Review The paper "Critical Media Studies by Ott and Mack" is a good example of a book review on media. To understand the influence of media on our society, one needs to study the effect of mass media critically through a social science perspective. The aim of these readings is to understand the acquired information and its effects on society and human behavior. There are two types of information, first-hand and mediated (which came through a medium), therefore, studying the method through which information is transferred holds significant importance. Through television and other mass media, information is spread in the shortest span of time to a large audience, even in the remote areas. The wide spectrum of media studies and its access to broad spectators includes communication technologies covering the remote areas and providing information through internet and television broadcasts. Print, motion, sound, broadcast and new media have been sub-features of media. Digital computer technology and it’s an overpowering effect on media for distribution and circulation in establishing information has changed the methodology of communication. Thus, the distinguishing quality of new medium from the other four mediums can be meaningless, if it submerged those entire previous categories due to advancement. In the age of information, it is important to study the media’s historical context for understanding the rapid change and development. When two diverse media modes use the same platform, the term is known as convergence. The mobility of media was made possible through digital technology when books were available in the form of e-books. Through which, the author has been trying to show the reader, how technology has taken charge and made evident changes in media. The presence of media almost everywhere makes its study imperative and its diverse effects on society make it an ever-expanding horizon. Mass media has manifested replacement of humans, existing values to a modified version of its own, and acted as an educational institute and a platform for news from a couple of decades.

Structure and Assembly of Secreted Mucins †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Structure and Assembly of Secreted Mucins. Answer: Introduction: This coral reef cnidarian is radially symmetrical around the axis that is formed around the mouth, or the oral axis and the opposite end which is the aboral axis or the base. It has an opportunistic feeding habit and its radial symmetry allows it to detect prey and predators from any direction. It has a polyp form that has a cylindrical shape and its tentacles are arranged around the mouth. The mouth is surrounded by tentacles that are arranged in six circles. The Cnidarians are radially symmetrical animals and the body develops from only two germinal layers, the inner endoderm and the outer ectoderm that are bound by a mesogleal, non-cellular matrix (Frazo, Vasconcelos, Antunes, 2012). So, cnidarians are essentially diploblastic animals (Van der Burg, Prentis, Surm, Pavasovic, 2016). The body is shaped like a tubular column that is red to brown in color, the tentacles are tapered and blood red in color (Stabili, Schirosi, Parisi, Piraino, Cammarata, 2015). Apart from the function of feeding the tentacles have nematocysts that can paralyse the prey before it pushed into the mouth by the tentacles. Acrorhagi are blue colored structures that lie at the base of each tentacle and these play a role in offense (Harris, 1990). When food is added to water surrounding , Actinia tenebrosa, pre-feeding behaviour can be observed. It is possible to find that some of the sessile polyps do not accept food or do not exhibit any pre-feeding behaviour. On the contrary they may close the oral opening completely when the food comes in contact with their tentacles. This is likely to happen in case of recent feeding or when embryos are being incubated in the coelenteron. On the contrary when Actinia tenebrosa are ready to feed, their tentacles spread out completely as the mouth to the oral cavity opens partially. The oral disc expands completely and a ridged actinopharynx can be observed as it protrudes to the exterior (Harris, 1990). Actinia tenebrosa is an intertidal sea anemone usually is found attached to rocks and if it finds that the location that it is tethered to is unsuitable in some way, it can move to another location, albeit slowly. Fresh specimens when collected from the sea shore and put into an aquarium prefer to attach the base at some support. If the anemone happens to lie by its side, its substratum expands until it can touch base and the it stands erect again. But the process occurs very slowly and may take a few hours to upto two days. It also tends to move away from a source of light, when moving the column protrudes in the direction of the movement and the base is pulled by a millimeter or two in that direction due to the contraction of the basal muscles. Thus, Actinia tenebrosa can exhibit complex behaviour in response to light (Harris, 1990). Immune defence and the role of mucus in cnidarians Mucus plays an important role in development of an innate immune response in cnidarians. Mucus has a lysozyme like activity which can help in killing bacteria. It creates a physical barrier between the lumen and the epithelial lining(Van der Burg, Prentis, Surm, Pavasovic, 2016). The typically sedentary habit of the actinarians and the lack of a protective outer covering, such as a shell, an exoskeleton or a cuticle keeps these animals exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic threats in their ecosystem that includes microbes that can be pathogenic. The evolution of an immune defence mechanism that keeps these organisms protected consists of the antimicrobial peptides that are a component of the mucous secretions (Otero Gonzalez, et al., 2010). Pattern recognition receptors work with the glycocalyx and strengthen the physicochemical barrier that keeps the organism protected. In Actinarians, the mucus is also known to possess cytotoxic activity and hemolytic activity (Stabili, Schir osi, Parisi, Piraino, Cammarata, 2015). Together, these activities help the organisms to protect themselves throughhumoral immunity from microbial pathogens (Clare, 1995). The mucin proteins are multi-domain proteins and may be either secreted mucins that are gel forming or membrane bound and their domain architectures are very different from one another. Mucins are known to play roles in important biological functions. Mucins can act as ligands for adhesion molecules, growth factors, lectins, chemokines and cytokines (Fong, et al., 2000). Mucin can bind water and thus determine the state of hydration. Mucins block the passage of bacteria and larger molecules and become a barrier for infectious organisms (Pelaseyed, et al., 2014). Mucins have negatively charged oligosaccharides and so can retain positively charged particles when required (Becher, Waldorf, Merete, Uldbjerg, 2009). Mucins play roles in several other biological functions, regulation of gene expression, signal transduction, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, embryogenesis, immunity and apoptosis. Mucins also play a role in carcinogenesis (Becher, Waldorf, Merete, Uldbjerg, 2009). Secreted mucins Secreted mucins contain several disulfide rich domains. The PTS tandem repeat domain is found in all mucins, the secreted and the membrane bound mucins. It is a serine, threonine and proline rich domain that carries the O-linked glycans. The signal sequence at the amino terminus is also found in all mucins and both the secreted and membrane bound mucins feature a signal peptide. It helps the transport of mucins to the endoplasmic reticulum and guides the insertion of the mucin into the unit membrane for secretion or insertion into membrane. The membrane associated mucins have a domain called the cytoplasmic tail which lies on the cytoplasmic side of the cell membrane and is likely involved in cell signalling. The SEA domain is also found in the membrane tethered mucins. This domain has protein binding property and has an autocatalytic cleavage site. The EGFdomains mediate interaction between different mucin subunits and the ERBB receptors. The transmembrane domain spans the membrane (Corfield, 2014). The Cysteine rich domains, the Cysteine knot domain and the von Willebrand factor D domain are the structural features of the secreted mucins. The CYS domains are non-glycosated and multi-copy domains and lie between the tandem repeats, these perform the function of mucin-mucin interaction. The cysteine kno is a domain that is involved in dimerization and the von Willebrand factor D is a domain that mediates oligomerization at the C-terminus (Corfield, 2014). Secreted mucins are those that are secreted by cells such as the goblet cells while the transmembrane mucins remain bound to the plasma membrane Secreted mucins are either the gel forming mucins or soluble mucins. The insoluble type of mucins are usually the gel forming mucins that include MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6 while MUC19. MUC7, MUC8 and MUC9 belong to the category of soluble mucins (Rachagani, Torres, Moniaux, Batra, 2009). On an evolutionary scale, the gel-forming mucins evolved before the membrane bound mucins. The location of their genes on chromosomes also gives clues to the evolutionary distance between the two types of secreted mucins (Gosalia, Leir, Harris, 2013). The differences also become evident when analysing the structure of their domains, their biosynthetic precursors and the posttranslational modifications of their polypeptide chains. The tandem repeats found in their domains and their functions point to the fact that they belong to the same family of proteins (Zaretsky Wreschner, 2013). Mucins are glycosylated proteins of large size and are essential components of the mucus that covers epithelial cells. Xenopus tropicalis has 26 mucin genes while most vertebrates have 5-6 mucin genes. Mucins form gel like structures and are provide protection to the epithelium from harmful substances and microorganisms (Lang, et al., 2016). In corals, the mucocytes secrete the mucus and the chemical nature is sulphated glycoprotein polymers. The mucus in cnidarians performs the functions of adhesion, reducing drag, acts as a 'scaffolding' and aid in anchoring and protection of eggs, reduce loss of water and provide protection from infections, desiccation and several stressors from the environment(Stabili, Schirosi, Parisi, Piraino, Cammarata, 2015). The gel forming secreted mucins evolved in the metazoans and are found in all animals. Only insects do not have secreted mucins. The MUC proteins are numbered according to the sequence of their discovery. Secreted mucins are components of the mucous that coats the epithelial lining of the digestive tract, the respiratory passage and the urogenital tracts, in some amphibia, the moist skin is also coated with mucus (Lang, Alexandersson, Hansson, Samuelsson, 2004). The presence of mucins in the mucous offers protection to the epithelium from desiccation, infection, physical o r even chemical injury. Its lubricant effects helps the passage of material through the tracts. In higher animals, such as, vertebrates, lubrication and protection of the epithelial lining are the main functions of mucin. But in lower animals, such as, cnidarians, locomotion, mating, homing and capture of prey or food are the main functions of mucus (Denny, 1989). Even within an organism, a variety of mucins are secreted, which are structurally different from each other. At times, one type of mucin may be produced by more than one organ in an organism. The glycoprotein mucin may differ in size from a few hundred amino acids long to thousands of residues in length (Perez-Vilar Hill, 1999). Mucins are rich in Serine, threonine , proline, aspartate, glutamate and glycine residues and form one or more domains that attach the O-linked glycosides and are made of tandem repeats (Goffredo Dubinsky, 2016). The dense arrangement of the oligosaccharides protects the mucin from proteolysis and keep the molecules in an extended conformation (Lang, Alexandersson, Hansson, Samuelsson, 2004). Since mucins are proteins their biosynthesis follows the general pathway of gene expression. And since the mucin glycoproteins are expressed by the goblet cells, the activated transcription factors cause an upregulation of the gene expression of MUC genes in the nucleus, where the activation of gene transcription leads to synthesis of mRNA. mRNA is then spiced and translated into the polypeptide which undergo the process of post-translational modification, and co-translational insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum. The O-linked glycosylation of the polypeptide backbone of mucin occurs in the Golgi bodies (Hanisch, 2001). The enzyme N-acetyl galactosaminylpeptidyltransferase catalyses the transfer of GalNac to serine or threonine. The glycosylation causes the shape of the molecule to change from globular to linear. The completely glycosylated mucin molecules are stored in secretory granules and are secreted to the cell surface when required. The membrane tethered mucins get inserte d into the membrane with the insertion of the transmembrane domain. The addition of the oligosaccharides to the polypeptide, during glycosylation, followed by folding into one or more domains and finally secretion into the lumen of the gut or airways through the goblet cells. The biosynthesis of the mucins, like all other proteins is preceded by the activation or up-regulation of mucin gene/s expression (Rose Voynow, 2006). Structures of mucins were elucidated by cloning and purifying mucins (Albone, Hagen, VanWuyckhuyse, Tabak, 1994). The mucin proteins fold into certain characteristic domains, one of these is the von Willebrand D or the VWD domain. A domain architecture is encountered when studying the structures of MUC5AC, Muc5B and MUC2 that has the domains (VWD-C8-TIL)-( VWD-C8-TIL)-( VWD-C8-TIL)-PTS-( VWD-C8-TIL). (The C8 domain stands for eight conserved cysteines and TIL stands for "trypsin inhibitor-like cysteine rich domain). A similar domain structure is found in the mucin proteins MUC6 and MUC19except that these two mucins are devoid of the VWD-C8-TIL at the C-terminal. while the CysD domain is found in MUC2 or MUC5 type mucins. Typically mucins have a cystine knot at the C-terminal, while some mucins have a VWF domain. (Lang, et al., 2016). The stimulation of gene expression of mucin genes can occur through inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor , interleukins, interferons or cytokines, bacterial products, growth factors, environmental pollutants or chemicals or contact with miscellaneous chemicals that trigger intracellular signalling in the cells to active the gene expression of mucins (Thai, Loukoianov, Wachi, Wu, 2008). In several diseases that involve the respiratory airways, such as cystic fibrosis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyper secretion of mucus is a common symptom (Angelis, et al., 2014). The inflammation of the epithelial linings and altered production of mucus in the airways is also a common symptom in asthma patients(Holgate, 2007). Increased expression of the mucin gene or genes is a natural precursor of increased mucus secretion. Cytokines Interleukin -4, IL-9 and IL-13 have been associated with the diseases that involve airway inflammation (Schuijs, Willart, Hammad, Lambrecht, 2013). When interleukins-1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 and TNF were used to treat cultures of human epithelial cells of the tracheo-bronchial region, it was found that mucin genes, MUC5B and MUC5AC could be stimulated by IL-6 and IL-17, while IL-4, IL-9 and IL-13 did not stimulate the expression of the mucin genes. The ERK signalling pathway played a role in stimulating the gene expression of the tested mucin genes (Chen, et al., 2003). Location of the secreted mucins of the gel forming type occur at several locations. The MUC2 gel-forming mucin is expressed in jejunum colon, ileum and endometrium. The MUC5AC is secreted in the respiratory tract, stomach, conjuctiva, endocervix and the endometrium (Ho, et al., 2004). The MUC5B is expressed in the respiratory tract, endocervix and in the submandibular glands (Thornton, Howard, Khan, Sheehan, 1997). The mucin MUC6 forms part of the mucus in the stomach, ileum, gall bladder, endometrium and endocervix (Ho, et al., 2004). Among the non-gel-forming secreted mucins, MUC7 is expressed in the sublingual and submandibular glands while the mucin MUC8 is secreted in the respiratory tract, the endocervix, the endometrium and the uterus. MUC9 is expressed in the fallopian tubes. Transmembrane mucins As the name suggests the transmembrane mucin family includes mucins that remain bound to the membrane. The membrane bound mucins may have splice variants that may get secreted or these may undergo post translational processing that renders the mucin domains cleaved from the domains that are transmembrane in location. Examples of membrane bound mucins are MUC1, MUC4 AND MUC16 (Govindarajan Gipson, 2010). The generic structure of all transmembrane mucins has a large extracellular domain which has tandem repeat motifs that bind the O-linked oligosaccharides, a short domain that is transmembrane in location and a short cytoplasmic tail. The signal sequence at the N-terminal is encoded by mucin mRNA while translation occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. For the addition of the oligosaccharides through glycosylation, the mucins are processed in the Golgi bodies. The oligosaccharides contribute to mucin functions of lubrication, anti-adhesion and hydration. If sialic acid and sulfation modifications are found, those can be associated with adhesion-promoting motifs and might even provide a surface for bacterial binding (Chaturvedi, Singh, Batra, 2008). The domains that are characteristic of the membrane bound mucins include the SEA (Sea urchin sperm protein, enterokinase, agrin) domain (with the exception of MUC4), the epithelial growth factor like domain, the glycosylated internal r epeat domain, von Willebrand factor domain, AMOP adhesion associated domain, PDZ binding motif and the NIDO domain (Van Putten Strijbis, 2017). The receptor like structure of the membrane bound mucins is similar to that of innate immune receptors. The extracellular domains perform barrier functions while the intracellular cytoplasmic domains can perform the function of signal transduction once they are phosphorylated. Proteolysis can lead to the shedding of the extracellular domain if they bind to bacteria and send signals for phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic domains. These changes can alter the cellular response to epithelial cell adhesion, inflammatory response, apoptosis and differentiation (Van Putten Strijbis, 2017). The transmembrane mucins are expressed on the surface of goblet cells and epithelial cells of the stomach the intestines, the respiratory system, the lacrimal and salivary glands, pancreas, gall bladder, liver and they differ among themselves based on the number of domains and the length. These proteins protect the epidermal surface from invasion by the pathogens and maintain the mucosal barrier function (Van Putten Strijbis, 2017). The SEA domain may have several functions but one of them is the ability to protect the epithelial cells from mechanical force and acts as a cell protective device (Pelaseyed, et al., 2013). The shedding of the extracellular domains of mucins in the serum, intestinal lumen and in supernatants of cell cultures on further investigation has proved to be indicative of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (Buisine, et al., 2001), metastatic carcinoma (Smorodinsky, et al., 1996) and cystic fibrosis (Khatri, Ho, Specian, Forstner, 2001). Transmembrane m ucins are known to be overexpressed in various cancers, cystic fibrosis and even asthma. The domains in the mucins appear to play some role in cancer pathogenesis. The effects of mucins affect cell survival by altering the processes of cell growth, cell proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy. The intracellular domain of the MUC1 mucin serves a s a surface for the binding of signalling proteins (Bafna, Kaur, Batra, 2010). Membrane anchored mucins that are expressed are MUC1, MUC3A, MUC3B, MUC4, MUC12, MUC13, MUC15, MUC16, MUC17, MUC20 AND MUC21, MUC1 is expressed ubiquitously while MUC16 is the largest protein in size. MUC 3, MUC12 and MUC13 are expressed in the gut epithelium while MUC1 and MUC16 are expressed in the epithelia of the female reproductive tract, the respiratory tract and the ocular surface (Gipson, Spurr-Michaud, Tisdale, Menon, 2014). MUC16 is a large mucin that contains 22000 amino acids and is over expressed in ovarian cancer and some other types of cancer and is referred to as the CA125, which is often used to diagnose the cancer. The stimulation of expression occurs due to activation by interferon and tumor necrosis factor . The over expression also occurs in breast and endometrial cancers (Morgado, Sutton, Simmons, Warren, Lu, 2016). The EGFdomains that occur as one of the extracellular domains in membrane bound mucins may interact with EGF receptors and thereby play a role in receptor signalling (Carraway, Ramsauer, Haq, Carraway, 2003). The release of EGF domains perhaps has a role for them at a distant site, as in the case of cytokines. The mucin domains therefore communicate with the cellular environment within and outside the cells (Carraway, Ramsauer, Haq, Carraway, 2003). The regulation of gene expression of mucin genes occurs through the activation of MAPK pathways via cytokines, lipopolysaccharide from Gram negative bacteria and lipid constituents from Gram positive bacteria. Most of these pathways activate the NFB upregulation (Thai, Loukoianov, Wachi, Wu, 2008). The Sp1transcription factors may also upregulate transcription of mucin genes(Thai, Loukoianov, Wachi, Wu, 2008). The expression of the membrane bound mucins occurs at several locations in the body. MUC1 is expressed in the breast duodenum, ileum, pancreas, colo, trachae, bronchii, cornea, conjunctiva, fallopian tubes, uterus, endometrium, endocervix, ectocervix and the vagina (Corfield, 2014). MUC3A/B is associated with cell membranes in the small intestine, the colon and the gall bladder. The mucin MUC4 is expressed in the breast, the respiratory tract, small intestine, the colon, the conjunctiva, the cornea, the ectocervix, the vagina and the endometrium. MUC12 is expressed on the epithelial cell membranes of colon, pancreas, prostte and uterus. MUC13 is associated with the colon, kidney, trachaea and the small intestine (Corfield, 2014). MUC15 is expressed as a membrane tethered mucin in the colon, respiratory tract, small intestine and prostate. MUC16 is expressed in the ovary, cornea, conjunctiva, respitory tract and the endometrium (Corfield, 2014). the several functions of the mucus are inpart fulfilled by the mucins at different locations in the body. Applications of mucin gene Mucins can have applied uses as diagnostic markers, applications in immuno-therapy and gene therapy as delivery vehicles. Mucins have potential applications in the design of drug delivery systems, although mucin acts as a natural barrier in drug delivery because it can reduce drug permeation. Mucin's property of adhesion can be used in drug delivery systems, such as in design of encapsulated microspheres, or in nanoparticle based delivery. It can find applications in the design of mucoadhesive patches, gels or tablets. It may be possible to utilize mucin networks for immobilization of nanomaterials or change the manner of particulate transfer because of its own properties of adhesion or employing the steric forces to use. If drug transmit time in the gastro intestinal tract is to be increased, mucin can be used effectively. If mucoadhesive polymers, such as, poly vinyl pyrrolidone, carboxymethyl cellulose or chitosan are used in conjunction with mucin, the residence time of drugs can be increased and this can enhance the chances of drug absorption (Authimoolam Dziubla, 2016). The role of mucin application in tissue engineering has also been explored by some researchers. Mucin can actually function as a functional scaffold because mucin has been found to associate with lectins and selectins,both carbohydrate binding proteins. At the time of embryo implantation, cervical mucus scaffolds can affect the binding of blastocysts which are rich in L-selectins on the surface. So, mucus-L-selectin binding can affect implantationof embryo to the uterine wall. Drug delivery and applications in regenerative medicine can therefore be based on layer by layer formation of scaffolds (Crouzier, Beckwitt, Ribbeck, 2012). References Albone, E., Hagen, F., VanWuyckhuyse, B., Tabak, L. (1994). Molecular cloning of a rat submandibular gland apomucin. The journal of biological chemistry, 269: 16845-16852. Angelis, N., Porpodis, K., Zarogoulidis, P., Spyratos, D., Kioumis, I., Papaiwannou, A., Zarogoulidis, K. (2014). Airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. . 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Chaturvedi, P., Singh, A. P., Batra, S. K. (2008). Structure, evolution, and biology of the MUC4 mucin. The FASEB Journal?: Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, 22(4), 966981. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj. Chen, Y., Thai, P., Zhao, Y., Ho, Y., DeSouza, M., Wu, R. (2003). Stimulation of Airway Mucin Gene Expression by Interleukin (IL)-17 through IL-6 Paracrine/Autocrine Loop*. Journal of biological chemistry, 278: 17036-17043. Clare, A. (1995). Marine natural product antifoulants: Status and potential. Biofouling, 9(3): 211-229. Corfield, A. (2014). Mucins; A Biologically Relevant Glycan Barrier in Mucosal Protection.. Biochimica et biophysica acta., 1850.10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.05.003. . Crouzier, T., Beckwitt, C., Ribbeck, K. (2012). Mucin multilayers assembled through sugarlectin interactions. . Biomacromolecules, 13: 34013408. Denny, M. (1989). Invertebrate mucous secretions: functional alternatives to vertebrate paradigms. 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Biology Extended Essay Topics Examples - Creating Your Own Expository Essay

Biology Extended Essay Topics Examples - Creating Your Own Expository EssayBiology extended essay topics examples will allow you to familiarize yourself with the different kinds of essays and also develop a portfolio for your next academic endeavor. These essay topics examples will help you when you begin writing your own thesis or dissertation. They can also help you in preparing for your oral examination and professional writing skills.You may not be able to choose the topic that interests you or that you would like to write about, but these biology extended essay topics examples can help you select the appropriate essay topic if you are unsure. These essays should be written in a style that will appeal to the readers as well as the test-takers.Before you look for these essay topics examples, it is important that you learn how to organize your essay properly. An essay, and especially a dissertation, is a long piece of work. While you may have an idea about what you want to say, if you are unsure as to how to convey it in a way that will be interesting to the reader, you will find that organizing the information that you want to include is necessary.It is possible to spend a lot of time looking for the appropriate biology extended essay topics examples, but a better way is to first write down all of the material that you know will be necessary for your essay. After this, decide on a theme that you want to express. For example, if you are writing about an animal, write about animals as a whole. However, if you are writing about humans, talk about human beings as a group.Once you have decided on your theme, you can begin to organize the basic elements of that theme. For example, if you are writing about the behavior of humans in groups, you can begin by listing what we know about each group. You can then write about each group's strengths and weaknesses, as well as general differences between groups.Then, start learning about the local information for each group . For example, you can learn about the climate of the area where the group lives, as well as their physical characteristics and habits. You can also learn about the types of plants and animals that they live in, how they use those plants and animals, and their cultural practices as a group.After you have learned about the areas in which these groups live, you can begin to research the types of animals that have lived in the area. You can then write about the type of animals that they are, how they interact with each other, and their habitat. For example, you can discuss the ant species that inhabit a particular area, their interactions with other members of the group, and their food supply.The above paragraphs can help you understand that biology extended essay topics examples will not be easy, but that the basics of information are very important to learn. You will learn a lot about the things that you are writing about, as well as the most common types of animals that live in the area in which you are writing about. This information is necessary to get started on your essay.